Do you know when the Ghost Festival (中元节) is in 2024? The festival's various eerie taboos and customs often spark curiosity. Join our expert, Master Luo from Longhushan, as we delve into the true meaning and authentic practices of the Ghost Festival.
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The concept of the Ghost Festival dates back to the Han Dynasty, where, on the 15th day of the 7th lunar month, offerings were prepared to pray for peace. Historically, farmers would prepare pigs, chickens, sheep, and fine wine to thank the Earth for the harvest and to report the year's crops to their ancestors, expressing gratitude for their protection. This tradition of preparing offerings and praying for a prosperous new year has been passed down through generations.
Originally, the Ghost Festival was a celebration of the harvest and a time to give thanks to the Earth. It was only after the establishment of Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism that the festival evolved into the customs, taboos, and legends we know today. Here’s a look at the most widely shared Taoist story commemorating filial piety.
1. The Origin of the Ghost Festival: A Tribute to Filial Piety
According to legend, there was a man named Shun in ancient times. His mother passed away early, and his father remarried, having another son named Xiang. Shun was extremely devoted to his father and stepmother, and he also cared for his younger brother, working hard to support the family. However, his stepmother and brother disliked him and often made his life difficult. Despite this, Shun continued to honor his parents and help his brother, impressing Heaven with his filial piety.
Heaven sent an elephant to help him plow the fields and birds to assist with weeding. The Emperor Yao, learning of Shun's wisdom and virtue, appointed him to help govern the country. After Yao's death, Shun succeeded him as Emperor and was later honored as the Earth God.
It is said that the Earth God’s birthday falls on the 15th day of the 7th lunar month, making it known as the "Festival of Filial Piety." On this day, people prepare lavish offerings to honor Shun, pray for peace and prosperity, and also make offerings to wandering spirits.
2. When is the Ghost Festival?
In 2024, the 15th day of the 7th lunar month falls on August 18, which is a Sunday. Although the Ghost Festival is not a public holiday, many grand ceremonies and traditional activities will take place. Here’s a look at some of the customs associated with the festival.
3. Customs of the Ghost Festival
(1) The Origin of the "Pudu" Ritual
Pudu is the most significant tradition of the Ghost Festival, with roots in both the story of Shun and the Buddhist tale of "Mulian Saves His Mother." It is said that Mulian, a compassionate child, discovered his mother was suffering in hell due to her selfish deeds. To help her, he sought Buddha’s aid, who taught him to offer food to monks on the 15th day of the 7th lunar month to accumulate merit. This is why Pudu is observed on this day.
Types of Pudu: There are private ceremonies ("home Pudu" or "company Pudu") and public ones organized by communities or temples. The rituals include specific protocols for offerings, including a sequence: deities (Earth God), ancestors, local spirits, and wandering souls. Offerings for wandering spirits often include not only basic foods but also a "clean basin and towel."
(2) Floating Lanterns
The tradition of floating lanterns, originating from Buddhism, was first recorded in Tang Dynasty texts and became popular in the Song Dynasty, later becoming a fixed activity during the Ghost Festival. Floating lanterns symbolize guiding wandering souls to participate in Pudu and relieve their hunger.
(3) Grabbing the Lanterns
Another classic tradition is "Grabbing the Lanterns," where participants compete to grab offerings on high platforms. Originally, this was a way to drive away evil spirits by intimidating them with the fierce competition. Nowadays, it has evolved into a sport that fosters team spirit.
(4) Wearing Protective Items
At the time of the Ghost Festival, which falls between summer and autumn, people are advised to wear "energy-storing" items to ward off negative influences. Wood-based and Tai Chi items are recommended for their energy-storing properties. Such items help in balancing energy during this transitional period.
4. Taboos of the Ghost Festival
Here are some taboos to be mindful of:
- Stay with Family and Friends: Avoid being alone.
- Avoid Loitering at Crossroads: This is considered unsafe.
- Sun Exposure: Sunbathe to increase positive energy.
- Quiet Evenings: Avoid whispering or discussing spiritual topics at night.
- No Burning: Refrain from burning incense or candles at home.
These taboos are meant to remind people to respect spiritual practices and maintain proper etiquette. While they may seem traditional, they are valuable cultural inheritances. Whether or not you believe in or follow these customs, maintaining a respectful and positive mindset is the best way to honor this special festival and month.